Contamination MapText / LLM / Dataset
ARC-Challenge (AI2 Reasoning Challenge, Challenge Set)
Challenge Set of the ARC grade-school science multiple-choice questions: 2,590 questions answered incorrectly by both a retrieval-based and a word co-occurrence baseline; train 1,119 / dev 299 / test 1,172. (The full ARC set has 7,787 questions; the Easy Set has 5,197.)
- Also known as
- ARC-Challenge, ARC Challenge, ARC-C, AI2 Reasoning Challenge (Challenge Set)
- Domain
- science
- License
- CC BY-SA 4.0 (allenai/ai2_arc HF dataset card)
- Homepage
- allenai.org
Exposure by model
| Benchmark | Model | Level | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Classic LLM benchmarks | LLM360 Amber | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | BLOOM | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude 3.7 Sonnet | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude 3 (Opus, Sonnet, Haiku) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Fable 5 / Claude Mythos 5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Mythos Preview | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Opus 4.5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Opus 5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Claude Sonnet 5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DCLM-7B-IT (DCLM-IT-7B) | Test data seen | a contamination analysis found test examples in the pre-training data (32.6% of ARC-Challenge test questions are 'dirty' in DCLM-baseline (17x more than in Pile-train).) [third-party study] (via DCLM-Baseline 1.0) |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DCLM-7B (DCLM-Baseline-7B) | Test data seen | a contamination analysis found test examples in the pre-training data (32.6% of ARC-Challenge test questions are 'dirty' in DCLM-baseline (17x more than in Pile-train).) [third-party study] (via DCLM-Baseline 1.0) |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-R1-0528 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-R1-Distill | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-R1 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V3-0324 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V3.1 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V3.2 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V4.1-Flash | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | DeepSeek-V4 (Pro / Flash) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemini 1.5 (Pro, Flash) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemini 2.5 (Pro, Flash) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemini 3 Pro | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemini 4 Argon | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemma 2 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemma 3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemma 3n | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Gemma 4 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | GPT-4 | Test data seen | a contamination analysis found test examples in the pre-training data (~3.4% of 1000 sampled ARC (Challenge set) test examples matched GPT-4 pre-training data) |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | GPT-4o | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | GPT-5.2 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | GPT-5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | GPT-6 Astra | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | gpt-oss | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | InternVL3.5 | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen3: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | InternVL3 | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen2.5: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | LLM360 K2-65B (K2 Diamond) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | K2-Horizon | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | K2-V2 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 2 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 3.1 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 3.2-Vision (11B, 90B) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 3.2 (1B, 3B) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 3.3 70B | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Meta Llama 3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Llama 4 (Scout, Maverick) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | LLaVA-OneVision-1.5 | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen3: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | LLaVA-OneVision | Unknown | unknown for its base model SigLIP: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Ministral 3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Mistral 7B | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Mistral Large 3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Mistral Medium 3.5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Mistral Small 4 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Mixtral 8x7B | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Molmo (0924) | Unknown | unknown for its base model OpenAI CLIP: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Molmo2 | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen3: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | OpenAI o1 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | OpenAI o3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | OLMo (February 2024) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | OLMo 2 (November 2024) | Test data seen | a contamination analysis found test examples in the pre-training data (32.6% of ARC-Challenge test questions are 'dirty' in DCLM-baseline (17x more than in Pile-train).) [third-party study] (via DCLM-Baseline 1.0) |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Olmo 3.1 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Olmo 3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Olmo Hybrid 7B | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-3.5 (mini / MoE) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-3 (mini / small / medium) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-4-mini-flash-reasoning | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-4-mini-reasoning | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-4-mini | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-4-reasoning / Phi-4-reasoning-plus | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-4 | Not seen | the authors state its test portion was excluded from training |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Phi-mini-MoE / Phi-tiny-MoE (SlimMoE) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Pixtral 12B | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Pixtral Large | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Pythia (deduplicated) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Pythia | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen2.5-VL | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen2.5: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen2.5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3-2507 (Instruct-2507 / Thinking-2507) | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3-Next | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3-VL | Unknown | unknown for its base model Qwen3: training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3.5 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3.6 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3.8-Flash-Next | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3.8 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | Qwen3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | SmolLM2 | Test data seen | a contamination analysis found test examples in the pre-training data (32.6% of ARC-Challenge test questions are 'dirty' in DCLM-baseline (17x more than in Pile-train).) [third-party study] (via DCLM-Baseline 1.0) |
| Classic LLM benchmarks | SmolLM3 | Unknown | training data not disclosed in enough detail |
Notes
Subset of the full ARC question set (no registry id for full ARC / ARC-Easy). Questions were authored for human standardized tests; the paper says ARC includes the publicly releasable subset of the Kaggle questions. Copies found in public web data by third-party studies: Common Crawl: 336 of 1172 ARC-Challenge test examples (28.7%) flagged as present in Common Crawl (Oct 2020-Oct 2023 window); 283 (24.1%) with question and answer.
Sources
- Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC (arXiv v1) · paper · retrieved 2026-10-15
- allenai/ai2_arc dataset card · dataset card · retrieved 2026-10-15