Vision foundation models

Which benchmark datasets could each model have seen during training? Every coloured square links to a verbatim quote from the model's paper, model card or repository. Grey means not enough has been disclosed to tell.

Contamination map

Rows are models, grouped by family; columns are benchmark datasets. Hover a square for the reason, click it for the evidence. Empty outlines mark benchmarks a model cannot take (e.g. image benchmarks for text-only models).

Benchmarks

Models

ModelOrganisationReleasedDisclosureDetermined
AA-CLIP, trained on MVTec AD (for VisA results) Zhejiang University et al. 2025-03-09 Full list 12%
AA-CLIP, trained on VisA Zhejiang University et al. 2025-03-09 Full list 12%
AdaCLIP, trained on all 14 datasets (demo model) Huazhong University of Science and Technology et al. 2024-07-22 Full list 50%
AdaCLIP, trained on MVTec AD + ColonDB Huazhong University of Science and Technology et al. 2024-07-22 Full list 12%
AdaCLIP, trained on VisA + ClinicDB Huazhong University of Science and Technology et al. 2024-07-22 Full list 12%
AdaptCLIP, trained on MVTec AD Tencent YouTu Lab et al. 2025-05-15 Full list 12%
AdaptCLIP, trained on VisA Tencent YouTu Lab et al. 2025-05-15 Full list 12%
Anomaly-OneVision (Anomaly-OV) Johns Hopkins University / Honda Research Institute USA 2025-02-11 Partial list 25%
AnomalyCLIP, trained on MVTec AD Zhejiang University / Singapore Management University et al. 2023-10-29 Full list 12%
AnomalyCLIP, trained on VisA Zhejiang University / Singapore Management University et al. 2023-10-29 Full list 12%
AnomalyDINO University of Tuebingen et al. (Damm et al.) 2024-05-23 Full list 0%
AnomalyGPT, supervised (demo model) Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Objecteye / Wuhan AI Research 2023-08-29 Partial list 37%
AnomalyGPT, unsupervised on MVTec AD Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Objecteye / Wuhan AI Research 2023-08-29 Full list 12%
AnomalyGPT, unsupervised on VisA Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Objecteye / Wuhan AI Research 2023-08-29 Full list 12%
APRIL-GAN (VAND 2023), trained on MVTec AD Zhejiang University et al. (Xuhai Chen, Yue Han, Jiangning Zhang) 2023-05-27 Full list 12%
APRIL-GAN (VAND 2023), trained on VisA Zhejiang University et al. (Xuhai Chen, Yue Han, Jiangning Zhang) 2023-05-27 Full list 12%
OpenAI CLIP OpenAI 2021-02-26 Partial list 0%
DINOv2 Meta AI 2023-04-14 Partial list 0%
DINOv3 (web / LVD-1689M models) Meta AI 2025-08-13 Partial list 0%
FiLo, trained on MVTec AD Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al. 2024-04-21 Full list 12%
FiLo, trained on VisA Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al. 2024-04-21 Full list 12%
InCTRL, trained on MVTec AD Singapore Management University (Jiawen Zhu, Guansong Pang) 2024-03-11 Full list 62%
InCTRL, trained on VisA Singapore Management University (Jiawen Zhu, Guansong Pang) 2024-03-11 Full list 50%
MetaUAS Tencent YouTu Lab (Bin-Bin Gao) 2025-05-14 Full list 0%
MuSc Huazhong University of Science and Technology et al. 2024-01-30 Full list 0%
OpenCLIP (LAION-2B checkpoints) LAION / OpenCLIP (mlfoundations) 2022-09-14 Full list 50%
OpenCLIP (LAION-400M checkpoints) LAION / OpenCLIP (mlfoundations) 2022-04-01 Full list 50%
WideResNet-50-2 (supervised ImageNet-1k, torchvision) PyTorch / torchvision — Full list 100%
Segment Any Anomaly (SAA / SAA+) Huazhong University of Science and Technology et al. 2023-05-18 Full list 0%
SAM 2 / SAM 2.1 Meta AI 2024-07-29 Partial list 0%
Segment Anything Model (SAM) Meta AI 2023-04-05 Partial list 25%
SigLIP Google DeepMind 2023-03-27 Partial list 25%
SigLIP 2 Google DeepMind 2025-02-20 Partial list 25%
UniVAD Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al. 2024-12-04 Full list 0%
VCP-CLIP, trained on MVTec-AD Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al. 2024-07-17 Full list 12%
VCP-CLIP, trained on VisA Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences et al. 2024-07-17 Full list 12%
WinCLIP / WinCLIP+ Amazon AWS AI Labs / University of Wisconsin-Madison 2023-03-26 Full list 50%

Datasets