Contamination Map Methodology

Time series / Model

Sundial (Timer 3.0)

Organisation
Tsinghua University (THUML)
Family
Timer · version Sundial (ICML 2025); HF release sundial-base-128m
Released
2025-02-02 (arXiv v1 submission date, https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.00816 (HF repo thuml/sundial-base-128m created 2025-05-13))
Checkpoints
thuml/sundial-base-128m
Weights
Open · Apache-2.0
Links
PaperModel cardCode

Training data disclosure: Partial list

Level determined for 73% of benchmark cells.

“we collected substantial real-world time series from various domains such as finance, IoT, meteorology, and healthcare (Goldberger et al., 2000).”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Chronos ECG Finance IoT LOSTA Synthetic ERA5 3h ERA 12h ERA5 Daily ERA5 Weekly ERA5 Monthly ERA5 Quarterly”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A, Table 4 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Training corpora

Declared exclusions

Benchmark cells

GIFT-Eval

Not seen Jena Weather (GIFT-Eval) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen BizITObs - Application · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen BizITObs - Service · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen BizITObs - L2C · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Bitbrains - Fast Storage · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Bitbrains - rnd · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Restaurant (Recruit Restaurant Visitor Forecasting) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ETT1 (GIFT-Eval) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ETT2 (GIFT-Eval) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Loop Seattle (LibCity) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen SZ-Taxi (LibCity) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M_DENSE (LibCity) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Solar (LSTNet, 137 Alabama PV plants) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Hierarchical Sales (Mancuso et al., 2020) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Yearly · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Quarterly · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Monthly · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Weekly · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Daily · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen M4 Hourly · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Hospital · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen COVID Deaths · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Seen, split unclear US Births · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD)); this contradicts a statement that the data was excluded

Evidence (4)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“US Births | 0.00M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Seen, split unclear Saugeen River Flow · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD)); this contradicts a statement that the data was excluded

Evidence (4)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Saugen River Flow | 0.02M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Seen, split unclear Temperature Rain · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD)); this contradicts a statement that the data was excluded

Evidence (4)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Temperature Rain | 23.25M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Seen, split unclear KDD Cup 2018 · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD)); this contradicts a statement that the data was excluded

Evidence (4)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“KDD Cup 2018 | 2.94M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Car Parts · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ElectricityLoadDiagrams20112014 (UCI) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“All evaluated datasets are excluded from the pre-training dataset.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15
“we experiment on GIFT-Eval (Aksu et al., 2024) and FEV leaderboard (Ansari et al., 2024)”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 5 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Long-horizon forecasting (ETT, Electricity, Traffic, Weather, Exchange, ILI)

Not seen ETTh1 · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ETTh2 · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ETTm1 · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen ETTm2 · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Not seen Electricity (ECL, 321 clients) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Unknown Traffic (PeMS San Francisco Bay, 862 sensors) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Not seen Weather (Jena, 2020; Autoformer) · the authors state the dataset was excluded from training

Evidence (2)
“To prevent data leakage, we exclude all datasets evaluated in Section 5.1 to make sure that Sundial conducts zero-shot forecasting.”
arxiv.org · paper · Appendix A · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Zero-shot forecasting results of time series foundation models on long-term forecasting datasets (Time-Series-Library)”
arxiv.org · paper · Table 1 · retrieved 2026-10-15

Unknown Exchange-Rate · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown ILI (CDC influenza-like illness, national) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Time-series anomaly detection

Unknown TSB-AD-U (TSB-AD univariate) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown TSB-AD-M (TSB-AD multivariate) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown UCR Time Series Anomaly Archive (Hexagon ML/UCR, KDD Cup 2021) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Server Machine Dataset (SMD) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) telemetry anomaly dataset · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) telemetry anomaly dataset · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Pooled Server Metrics (PSM) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Secure Water Treatment (SWaT) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Yahoo S5 Labeled Anomaly Detection Dataset (Yahoo Webscope S5) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Unknown Numenta Anomaly Benchmark (NAB) · training data not disclosed in enough detail

Time-series classification

Seen, split unclear UCR Time Series Classification Archive (2018) · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD))

Evidence (5)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“PigArtPressure | 0.62M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“PigArtPressure | 0.62M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table (source column [3]) · retrieved 2026-10-15
“[3]: [The UCR Time Series Archive](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07758)”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description references · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Each series representing a variate will be divided into training and validation splits at a ratio of 9:1 for pre-training.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 3 (pre-training strategy) · retrieved 2026-10-15

Seen, split unclear UEA Multivariate Time Series Classification Archive (2018) · the dataset was used; the source does not say which part (via Unified Time Series Dataset (UTSD))

Evidence (5)
“thuml/UTSD”
huggingface.co · model card · YAML metadata `datasets` · retrieved 2026-10-15
“MotorImagery | 72.58M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table · retrieved 2026-10-15
“MotorImagery | 72.58M”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description table (source column [3]) · retrieved 2026-10-15
“[3]: [The UCR Time Series Archive](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.07758)”
huggingface.co · dataset card · Dataset Description references · retrieved 2026-10-15
“Each series representing a variate will be divided into training and validation splits at a ratio of 9:1 for pre-training.”
arxiv.org · paper · Section 3 (pre-training strategy) · retrieved 2026-10-15

Notes

Paper describes Small/Base/Large sizes; only Base (128M) is released. Model card metadata lists datasets thuml/UTSD, Salesforce/lotsa_data, autogluon/chronos_datasets. In Sundial Table 1, Time-MoE's ECL and TimesFM's ECL/Weather cells are dashes (pre-training data). TimeBench includes LOTSA and the Chronos data; the authors state all evaluated datasets were excluded from it, so LOTSA is not linked directly.

Sources